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and
ECL,
Three
I2L,
(binomial,
and efficiency.
phase
Transformers:
KHUZDAR
CMOS);
torque.Losses,
BALOCHISTAN
UET
Poisson,
hyper
limits theorems, applications.
Transformer
efficiency
Introduction
Fifth Semester
transformation
and
ELECTRICAL MACHINES II 4 (3+1)
to
INTIGRATED ELECTRONICS 4 (3+1)
geometric,
the
using
power
and digital circuit interface with applications;
two
Fundamentals,
normal,
fabrication
of
uniform
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS FOR ENGINEERS 3 (3+0)
Importance
characteristic. Starting and speed control. Induction generator.
transformers.
Single-Phase Induction Motors: Types and performance Analysis.
Detailed design of pulse and switching circuits; mono-stable, a-
and
factor.Torque-speed
of
digital
Three phase connections and harmonic Suppression. Vector groups.
variables, distributions and density functions, probability distributions
and its effect on rotor frequency and voltage.Equivalent circuit.Power
transformers. Types and construction.Ideal transformer.Theory and
operation of real Single-phase transformers, e.m.f equation. Phasor
independent events, Baye's formula, discrete and continuous random
circuit element, offset and offset compensation, op-amp with negative
analysis of differential amplifier; design of simple differential amplifier;
Autotransformers.Tapping. Parallel operation and load division. Inrush
feedback, frequency response of an op-amp, DC and AC analysis of
exponential), mean, variance, standard deviations, moments and
ion implantation and oxidation; differential amplifiers: DC and AC
moment generating functions, linear regression and curve fitting,
Wilson current source): output stage design; use of op-amp as a
Set theory, basic concepts of probability, conditional probability,
level translator; current sources (simple current mirror, Widler and
Three Phase Induction Motor: Production of rotating field and
op-amp ICs; amplifier; linear and non-linear applications. analogue
microelectronic pMOS, nMOS, CMOS, and BiCMOS circuits; epitaxy,
diagrams. Leakage reactance.Losses.Equivalent circuit parameters.
No load and short circuit test per Unit systems. Voltage regulation
current.Exciting current. Three phase transformer. Per unit system.
torque. Reversal of rotation.Construction.Synchronous speed.Slip
stable and bi-stable circuits; Schmitt trigger; logic families (DTL, TTL,
etc.
Bridges
and
temperature,
pressure,
Heating and cooling of motors.
criterion in machine dynamics.
Potentiometers:
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 3 (3+0)
applications.A.C and D.C. potentiometers.
Wheatstone
displacement,
bridge.
INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENTS 3 (3+0)
efficiency.Power factor improvement. Speed control. Ratings.
vibration,
Kelvin
KVAR meters. Recording Instruments. Phase sequence measurement.
speed
Bridge.A.C.
and
bridges
and
01
acceleration.
Dual trace and storage oscilloscopes. Introduction to digital instruments. Phase angle measurement.
of same size generators generating, Loss of field excitation.Cooling systems. Shut down procedure.
their
Synchronous Motors: Principle of operation starting, Shaft load, power angle and developed
diagram.Power and torque.Measurement of parameters.Generator operating alone.Capability
chart.Synchronization Parallel operation with infinite bus and power sharing.Parallel operation
diagram. Power Equation.Effects of changes in shaft load and field excitation.V-curves.Losses and
torque. Counter voltage (CEMF) and armature reaction voltage, equivalent circuit and Phasor
Synchronous Generator (Alternator): Construction. Excitation system.Equivalent circuit.Phasor
curve & solution of problems using digital computers, stabilitads, effects of mechanical and
Measurement of Non Electrical Quantities: Classification of transducers. Measurement of
electrical time lag and delays, Electromechanical behavior of machine/lines/busbar systems equal
and zero sequence networks; Unsymmetrical faults on power systems; single line to ground faults;
line to line faults. Double line to ground faults; Demonstration problems; open conductor faults.
Load Flow Studies, Steady state and Transient Stability, the swing equation , Application of swing
Instruments.Watt-hour meter. Power-factor meters. Instrument transformers. Frequency meters.
voltmeters. Electronic multimeters.Considerations in choosing an analogue voltmeter. Q meter
Electronic Instruments: Amplified D.C. meters. Average, peak, and true r.m.s. responding A.C.
Bandwidth.Significant figures.Types of errors. Constructional features. Types of Ammeters, meter,
Electromechanical Instruments: Temperature compensation. Extension of Instrument ranges by
shunts and multipliers. Ohms per volt and loading effect for voltmeter.Calibration of D.C.
of Y-Ä Transformers; unsymmetrical services impedances; sequence networks; positive, negative
Modification of an existing Z-bus; Direct determination of Z-bus; Calculation of Z-bus elements
from Y bus ; Power Invariant Transformations; Mutually coupled branches in Z bus. Symmetrical
Branch and Node admittances; Mutually coupled Branches in Y-bus; Equivalent Admittance
Network; Modification of Y-bus; Impedance matrix and Y-bus; the method of successive elimination;
Node Elimination (Kron Reduction); Triangular Factorization; The Impedance Model and Network
Calculations: The bus, admittance and impedance Matrices; Thevenin’s Theorem and Z-bus;
in terms of symmetrical components; sequence networks of Y and Ä impedances; sequence
networks of a symmetrical Transmission line; sequence Networks of the synchronous Machines;
Sequence Networks of Y-Ä Transformers; unsymmetrical series impedances; sequence networks
Faults, Transients in RL circuits; internal voltages of loaded machines. Under fault conditions; fault
calculations using Z bus; Equivalent circuits; Selection of circuit breakers. Synthesis of unsymmetrical
phasors; symmetrical components of unsymmetrical phasors; symmetrical Y and Ä circuits; power
Measurement and Errors: Definition, Accuracy, precision, sensitivity, resolution, Decibel.